Nutritional status of schoolchildren living on a city in Brazilian Western Amazon: a cross-sectional study
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Childhood is an important phase in the formation of eating habits and in determining nutritional status. Objective: To analyze the association of socio-environmental characteristics and food consumption with the BMI of schoolchildren from the interior of the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with schoolchildren, where information was collected on the birth of children, socioeconomic, anthropometric and food consumption characteristics. BMI for age served as the dependent variable, representing the evaluated outcome. After bivariate analysis, the variables that were associated with the outcome were selected for inclusion in a multivariable linear regression model. Results: The sample size corresponds to 97 children and their mothers. Most children were born with adequate weight (84.54%). A significant proportion of children were identified as being overweight (20.61%). The most consumed foods were fresh fruits (76.29%), followed by ultra-processed candies (56.7%) and vegetables (54.64%). Furthermore, more than half of the children consumed processed meats (50.52%) and sugary drinks (54.17%). Birth weight, gestational age, maternal BMI and family income showed a positive correlation with the students' BMI, while the absence of consumption of sugary drinks had a protective effect on the students' higher BMI. Conclusion: Higher birth weight, gestational age at birth, maternal BMI and family income were the main factors associated with higher BMI among students. Excess weight is a public health problem of moderate magnitude, reflecting the phase of nutrition transition in which the studied population is inserted.
Downloads
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) that allows others to share and adapt the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.References
Swinburn BA, Kraak VI, Allender S, Atkins VJ, Baker PI, Bogard JR, et al. The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet. 2019;393(10173):791-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8
Bortolini GA, Pereira TN, Carmo AS, Martins AMTM, Silva JP, Silva AS, et al. Analysis of the elaboration and proposal of a Brazilian intersectoral strategy for the prevention and care of childhood obesity. Cad Saude Publica. 2023;39(10):e00117722. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XEN117722
Rainford M, Barbour LA, Darlena B, Catalano P, Daniels E, Gremont C, et al. Barriers to implementing good nutrition in pregnancy and early childhood: Creating equitable national solutions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2024;1534(1):94-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15122
Santos FP, Silva EAF, Baêta CLV, Campos FS, Campos HO. Prevalence of childhood obesity in Brazil: a systematic review. J Trop Pediatr. 2023;69(2):fmad01. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmad017
Brown V, Tran H, Jacobs J, Ananthapavan J, Strugnell C, Backholer K, et al. Spillover effects of childhood obesity prevention interventions: A systematic review. Obes Rev. 2024;25(4):e13692. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13692
Larcerda EMA, Bertoni N, Alves-Santos NH, Carneiro LBV, Schincaglia RM, Boccolini CS, et al. Minimum dietary diversity and consumption of ultra-processed foods among Brazilian children 6-23 months of age. Cad Saude Publica. 2023;39(Suppl 2):e00081422. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XEN081422
Brandão JM, Sichieri R, Paravidino VB, Ribas AS, Cunha DB. Treatment of childhood obesity based on the reduction of ultra-processed foods plus energy restriction: A randomised controlled trial based on the Brazilian guidelines. Clin Obes. 2024;14(3):e12648. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12648
Brasil. Guia alimentar para a população brasileira. 2nd ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2014; p.156.
Monteiro CA, Martínez-Streele, Cannon G. Reasons to avoid ultra-processed foods. BMJ. 2024;384:q439. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q439
Schor T, Tavares-Pinto MA, Avelino FCC, Ribeiro ML. Do peixe com farinha à macarronada com frango: uma análise das transformações na rede urbana no Alto Solimões pela perspectiva dos padrões alimentares. Confins. 2015;24. https://doi.org/10.4000/confins.10254
Sato PM, Ulian MD, Oliveira MSS, Cardoso MA, Wells J, Devakumar D, et al. Signs and strategies to deal with food insecurity and consumption of ultra-processed foods among Amazonian mothers. Glob Public Health. 2020;15(8):1130-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1749694
Cunha MPL, Marques RC, Dórea JG. Child Nutritional Status in the Changing Socioeconomic Region of the Northern Amazon, Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;15(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010015
World Health Organization (WHO). The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. Genebra: World Health Organization; 2017.
World Health Organization (WHO). Child growth standards: WHO Anthro Survey Analyser and other tools. Available from: https://www.who.int/tools/child-growth-standards/software
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Protocolos do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional - SISVAN na assistência à saúde. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2008.
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Genebra: World Health Organization; 2006.
Lopes AF, Frota MTBA, Leone C, Szarfarc SC. Perfil nutricional de crianças no estado do Maranhão. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2019;22:E190008. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720190008
Corrêa EM, Vessoni AT, Jaime PC. Magnitude da desnutrição infantil na região norte brasileira: uma revisão de escopo. Saude Desenvolvimento Humano. 2020;8(1):107-29. https://doi.org/10.18316/sdh.v8i1.5752
Corrêa EM, Gallo CO, Antunes JLF, Jaime PC. The tendency of stunting among children under five in the Northern Region of Brazil, according to the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2017. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2023;99(2):120-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2022.07.006
Castro IRR, Anjos LA, Lacerda EMA, Boccolini CS, Farias DR, Alves-Santos NH, et al. Nutrition transition in Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019. Cad Saude Publica 2023;39(Suppl 2):e00216622. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XEN216622
Pereira IFS, Andrade LMB, Spyrides MHC, Lyra CO. Estado nutricional de menores de 5 anos de idade no Brasil: evidências da polarização epidemiológica nutricional. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2017;22(10):3341-52. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320172210.25242016
Farias DR, Anjos LA, Freitas MB, Berti TL, Andrade PG, Alves-Santos NH, et al. Malnutrition in mother-child dyads in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). Cad Saude Publica 2023;39(Suppl 2):e000856222. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XEN085622
Gouveia AVS, Carvalho RES, Correia MEG, Silveira JAC. Tendência temporal da prevalência de desnutrição em crianças menores de 5 anos assistidas pelo Programa Bolsa Família (2008-2019). Cad. Saúde Pública 2024;40(1):e00180022. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XPT180022
Silva HBM, Ribeiro-Silva RC, Silva JFM, Ster IC, Rebouças P, Goes E, et al. Ethnoracial disparities in childhood growth trajectories in Brazil: a longitudinal nationwide study of four million children. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1):103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-024-04550-3
Aguiar IWO, Carioca AAF, Barbosa BB, Adriano LS, Barros AQS, Kendall C, et al. Indicadores antropométricos em povos e comunidades tradicionais do Brasil: análise de registros individuais do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional, 2019. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2023;32(4):e2023543. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2237-96222023000400005.PT
Santos CP, Ulian MD, Scagliusi FB, Sato PM. Imbricadas entre as dimensões de acesso e exposição: práticas alimentares de mães na Amazônia ocidental brasileira. Physis. 2021;31(4):e310404. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-73312021310404
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares. 2017-2018: primeiros resultados. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2019.
Maia EG, Gomes FMD, Alves MH, Huth YR, Claro RM. Hábito de assistir à televisão e sua relação com a alimentação: resultados do período de 2006 a 2014 em capitais brasileiras. Cad Saude Publica. 2016;32(9):e00104515. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00104515
Pereyra I, Gómez A, Jaramillo K, Ferreira A. Birth weight, weight gain, and obesity among children in uruguay: a prospective study since birth. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2020;39:e2019088. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2019088
Farhangi MA, Tofigh AM, Jahangiri L, Nikniaz Z, Nikniaz L. Sugar-sweetened beverages intake and the risk of obesity in children: An updated systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. Pediatr Obes. 2022;17(8):e12914. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12914
Stratton SJ. Population Research: Convenience Sampling Strategies. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2021;36(4):373-4. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X21000649